{"product_id":"columbia-paperback-1","title":"Columbia - Paperback","description":"\u003cp\u003eby \u003cb\u003eJohn S. Pritchett\u003c\/b\u003e (Author)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNearly two billion years ago, pieces of Earth's oldest crust came together to form one of the planet's earliest great supercontinents. Its name was Columbia-and its remains are still beneath our feet.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColumbia: The Forgotten Supercontinent\u003c\/em\u003e explores a vanished world assembled long before Pangaea, when ancient continental fragments known as cratons collided, mountain ranges rose across thousands of miles, and a hotter, more active Earth began building the deep foundations of the continents we recognize today.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn S. Pritchett guides readers through the geological evidence that allows scientists to reconstruct a landmass no human could ever have seen. Matching rock ages, aligned mountain belts, ancient suture zones, magnetic signatures, mineral systems, and the deep roots of continents all point toward a time when regions now scattered across North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia were once connected.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColumbia has disappeared from the map, but it survives as structure, chemistry, and geological memory.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book explains how ancient oceans closed before continents collided, how the crust folded and thickened to form mountain systems, and how those mountains eventually eroded until almost nothing remained at the surface. Beneath them, however, their roots endured-preserving metamorphic belts, fractures, mineral deposits, and the scars of continental assembly.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThose ancient processes also created extraordinary material legacies. Diamonds formed deep beneath stable cratons and were later carried upward by violent volcanic eruptions. Gold, copper, nickel, iron, uranium, and other resources became concentrated as heat, magma, pressure, and mineral-rich fluids moved through the crust.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMany of the materials on which modern civilization depends were shaped by events that occurred during Earth's deep past.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book examines: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow cratons became the durable foundations of continents\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhat Earth was like when its mantle was hotter and its atmosphere contained little oxygen\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow ocean closure and continental collision built Columbia\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhy immense ancient mountain ranges vanished\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow mantle heat drives tectonic motion and volcanism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhere diamonds form and how they reach the surface\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow collisions concentrate gold, copper, nickel, iron, and other metals\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow geologists compare rocks across continents to reconstruct lost worlds\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhy Columbia eventually broke apart\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhere future discoveries may refine its still-incomplete map\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow Columbia fits into the continuing supercontinent cycle\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccessible, richly illustrated, and grounded in geology, \u003cem\u003eColumbia: The Forgotten Supercontinent\u003c\/em\u003e reveals how scientists read Earth's history through fragments that have survived billions of years of collision, erosion, burial, and continental drift.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is a story not only of a lost landmass, but of how the planet preserves its past and carries it forward.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe surface of Earth is temporary. Beneath it, the record of vanished worlds remains-written in stone and waiting to be read.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n            \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of Pages:\u003c\/strong\u003e 168\u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDimensions:\u003c\/strong\u003e 0.36 x 9 x 6 IN\u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePublication Date:\u003c\/strong\u003e August 10, 2026\u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLarge Print:\u003c\/strong\u003e Yes\u003c\/div\u003e\n            ","brand":"BooksCloud","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":68029947740414,"sku":"9798349509056","price":15.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0826\/8716\/4670\/files\/FuDBrWV4jL9798349509056.webp?v=1794405218","url":"https:\/\/123learningstore.com\/products\/columbia-paperback-1","provider":"123 Learning Store","version":"1.0","type":"link"}